Appendix F -- Section 1: Provide Immediate Intervention and Appropriate Sanctions and Treatment for Delinquent Juveniles
Introduction | Section 1 | Section 2 | Section 3 | Section 4 | Section 5
Section 6 | Section 7 | Section 8 | ConclusionAllen-Hagen, B. 1991 (January). Public Juvenile Facilities: Children in Custody 1989. OJJDP Update on Statistics. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 127189.
This update presents the initial findings of 1,100 public facilities surveyed in OJJDP's 1989 Children in Custody census. The national census surveyed more than 3,200 public and private facilities that provide custody for more than 92,000 children who are wards of juvenile courts, juvenile corrections agencies, or private agencies.
Altschuler, D.M. 1994. Tough and smart juvenile incarceration: Reintegrating punishment, deterrence and rehabilitation. Saint Louis University Public Law Review 14(1):217-237. NCJ 158827.
This article reviews recent policy changes for handling juvenile offenders and recommends a reintegration-oriented institutional corrections model that merges the use of secure confinement and provision of aftercare. The article concludes that all key agencies responsible for juvenile offenders must take concerted steps to ensure that obstacles to effective juvenile handling are removed and that adequate resources are available in the juvenile justice system.
Altschuler, D.M., and T.L. Armstrong. 1995 (Summer). Aftercare in the juvenile justice system: New trends and programs. Perspectives 19(3):24-29, 32-35. NCJ 157511.
This article analyzes weaknesses in the aftercare phase of juvenile corrections and outlines the Intensive Juvenile Aftercare Program (IAP) model as implemented in Colorado, Nevada, New Jersey, and Virginia. The article concludes that the IAP model is potentially more effective than past aftercare programs because it directs increased attention to individualized services and treatment.
Altschuler, D.M., and T.L. Armstrong. 1995 (Summer). Managing aftercare services for delinquents. In Glick and Goldstein, eds. Managing Delinquency Programs That Work (with permission from the American Correctional Association, Lanham, Md.). NCJ 154391.
This book addresses the management and administration of juvenile delinquents, including those incarcerated and placed in residential facilities and those maintained in community-based programs and services.
Altschuler, D.M., and T.L. Armstrong. 1994 (October). Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles: An Assessment. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 144018.
This report reviews programs and literature concerning juvenile prerelease, transition, reintegration, and aftercare. It includes information on assessment and classification for risk and need, descriptions of community- and institution-based programs, and an overview of theory-driven interventions.
Altschuler, D.M., and T.L. Armstrong. 1994 (September). Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles: A Community Care Model. Program Summary. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 147575.
This summary reports on the interim results of OJJDP's research and development initiative to assess, test, and disseminate information on theory-driven intensive aftercare program models based on risk assessment. Models are for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders who initially require secure confinement.
Altschuler, D.M., and T.L. Armstrong. 1994 (September). Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles: Policies and Procedures. Program Summary. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 147712.
This summary describes intensive community-based aftercare program initiatives designed to help public and private corrections agencies develop and implement effective aftercare services for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders who initially require secure confinement.
Altschuler, D.M., and T.L. Armstrong. 1992 (June). Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juvenile Parolees: A Model Program Design. Baltimore, Md.: Institute for Policy Studies, Johns Hopkins University. NCJ 139337.
This document describes the framework for the prototype juvenile aftercare model proposed for field testing, following an assessment of community-based aftercare programs for chronic juvenile offenders released from residential correctional facilities. The proposed model addresses two deficiencies of the current system: that institutional confinement does not adequately prepare youth for return to the community and that lessons learned in secure confinement are not monitored or reinforced outside.
Altschuler, D.M., and T.L. Armstrong. 1991. Intensive aftercare for the high-risk juvenile parolee: Issues and approaches in reintegration and community supervision. In T.L. Armstrong, ed. Intensive Interventions with High-Risk Youths. Monsey, N.Y.: Willow Tree Press, Inc. NCJ 129821.
This chapter summarizes work to date in an intensive, community-based parole program for high-risk juvenile offenders released from secure confinement. It identifies and reviews key topics and issues in juvenile intensive aftercare and describes an aftercare intervention model.
American Correctional Association Victims Committee. 1994 (August). Report and Recommendations on Victims of Juvenile Crime. Lanham, Md.: American Correctional Association. NCJ 159768.
This report offers an assessment of the current status of victims of juvenile offenders. It includes 16 recommendations designed to increase efforts among juvenile justice officials and victim service professionals to meet the needs of the growing victim population.
Armstrong, T.L., ed. 1991. Intensive Interventions with High-Risk Youths. Monsey, N.Y.: Willow Tree Press, Inc. NCJ 129819.
This collection of 14 papers on intensive interventions with high-risk youth is an overview and evaluation of juvenile intensive supervision, programming issues, and specialized approaches.
Baggett, G., R. Donough, P. MacRae, and S. Engel. 1990. Oregon Girls' Advocacy Project: Final Report. Ashland, Ore.: Juvenile Justice Advisory Committee, Oregon Commission on Children and Youth Services. NCJ 151815.
This report presents the results of a year-long study that found that physical and sexual abuse, alcohol and drug abuse, homelessness, and adolescent pregnancy were the primary problems confronting girls and young women in Oregon. The report concludes with recommendations to the Oregon Commission on Children and Youth Services for addressing these needs.
Barton, W.H., and J.A. Butts. 1991. Intensive supervision alternatives for adjudicated juveniles. In T.L. Armstrong, ed. Intensive Interventions with High-Risk Youths. Monsey, N.Y.: Willow Tree Press, Inc. NCJ 129830.
This chapter describes a study of three inhome intensive supervision programs in Detroit, MI, that provide alternatives to institutionalization for juvenile offenders.
Barton, W.H., and J.A. Butts. 1990. Accommodating innovation in a juvenile court. Criminal Justice Policy Review 4(2):144-158. NCJ 134134.
This article examines how the impact of three cost-effective alternatives to juvenile institutionalization in Wayne County, MI, was diluted by the policies of juvenile justice organizations. All used a mix of individual, group, and family counseling; educational and vocational support; recreation; and behavioral supervision.
Bazemore, G. 1991. Work experience and employment programming for serious juvenile offenders: Prospects for a "productive engagement" model of intensive supervision. In T.L. Armstrong, ed. Intensive Interventions with High-Risk Youths. Monsey, N.Y.: Willow Tree Press, Inc. NCJ 129823.
This chapter describes the "productive engagement" approach to intensive supervision of juvenile offenders. The approach features the systematic use of employment of offenders to achieve public protection and restitution to the victim and community.
Bazemore, G., and M.S. Umbreit. 1994 (October). Balanced and Restorative Justice. Program Summary. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 149727.
This summary describes how the balanced, restorative justice model uses a community-based system to impose restorative sanctions such as community service, victim involvement, mediation, and restitution on youthful offenders. The model seeks to attain a balance between the legitimate needs of the community, the juvenile offender, and the victim, enhancing community protection, competency development, and accountability.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1992. Criminal Victimization in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 145125.
This report provides detailed findings from the 1992 National Crime Victimization Survey, which covers a wide range of crimes, including rape, robbery, assault, personal and household larceny, household burglary, and motor vehicle theft. The report presents 25 data tables on the major variables measured by the survey, including offender, victim, and crime characteristics; substance use by the offender; offender-victim relationship; and the reporting of the crime to police, the reasons for reporting or not reporting the crime, and police response time.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1994. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics1993. 1994. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 148211.
This annual reference publication presents data on juvenile corrections, courts, and delinquency, including statistics and characteristics on juveniles in custody, cases processed, public opinion, and self-reports of crime.
Burke, V.B. 1992 (March). Reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act: Testimony before the House Committee on Education and Labor, Subcommittee on Human Resources, March 16, 1992. NCJ 136971.
The director of a community-based center for high-risk teenage girls discusses female service needs in the juvenile justice system. She recommends that girls' special needs be addressed in the reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act.
Butts, J.A., and H. Snyder. 1992 (September). Restitution and Juvenile Recidivism. OJJDP Update on Research. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 137774.
Using data provided to the National Juvenile Court Date Archive by State and local agencies on the processing of juvenile court cases, this report explores the relationship between the use of juvenile restitution and recidivism.
Camp, G.M., and C.G. Camp. 1990. Corrections Yearbook, 1990: Juvenile Corrections. South Salem, N.Y.: Criminal Justice Institute. NCJ 127005.
This report presents information about juvenile correctional populations, institutions, programs, and personnel in 1990. It includes figures, tables, and narrative summaries.
Carey, J.T., and P.D. McAnany. 1984. Introduction to Juvenile Delinquency: Youth and the Law. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. NCJ 116445.
The chapters of this book are organized around four major themes: the interaction between juvenile law and specific popular and theoretical notions about adolescence; the possibilities of a better fit between theories of delinquency and policy/practice; the unintended institutional and personal consequences of society's ambivalent attitudes toward juveniles; and the feasibility of integrating official and unofficial modes of dispute settlement.
Cellini, H.R. 1994 (July). Management and treatment of institutionalized violent juveniles. Corrections Today 56(4):98, 100-102. NCJ 149897.
This article addresses issues facing security staff, correctional administrators, and mental health staff in terms of crisis intervention and the long-term management of violent juvenile offenders. It offers seven key crisis intervention steps to decrease violence.
Chesney-Lind, M., and R.G. Sheldon. 1992. Girls: Delinquency and Juvenile Justice. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. NCJ 137531.
This analysis of female juvenile delinquency focuses on its nature and causes, details the experiences of female status offenders and delinquents in the juvenile justice system, and presents data supporting the theory that female delinquents and status offenders have different needs from those of male offenders.
Cohen, M.A. 1994. The Monetary Value of Saving a High-Risk Youth. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. NCJ 159769.
This publication addresses important questions about juvenile programs: What are the benefits, value, and results? The document establishes a new framework for analysis and provides some preliminary estimates of the potential benefits from intervention programs aimed at high-risk youth.
Cronin, R.C., and M. Han. 1994 (October). Boot Camps for Adult and Juvenile Offenders: Overview and Update. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 149175.
This publication draws on published and unpublished documents, a mail survey of State correctional departments in all 50 States and the District of Columbia, and a telephone survey of State juvenile correction agencies to provide an overview of current information about U.S. bootcamp programs (not including work camps) and to describe current research and development activities.
DeComo, R., et al. 1995 (May). Juveniles Taken Into Custody: Fiscal Year 1992. Statistics Report. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 153851.
This report presents information on juveniles taken into custody in 40 States and the District of Columbia. It reports on the number and characteristics of such juveniles, the number of juveniles who died in custody and the circumstances of their deaths, and the trends demonstrated by the data. Separate data are presented for juvenile nonoffenders, status offenders, delinquent offenders, and types of facilities, such as secure detention and correctional facilities, jails, and lockups.
Delinquency Prevention Works. 1995 (May). Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 155006.
See introduction for annotation.
Effective Practices in Juvenile Correctional Education: A Study of the Literature and Research 1980-1992. 1994. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 150066.
This report provides a comprehensive review of literature and research on topics related to correctional education, such as programs for female offenders, law-related education, special education, and community-based programs.
Empey, L.T. 1982. American Delinquency: Its Meaning and Construction. Homewood, Ill.: The Dorsey Press. NCJ 085102.
This book examines the causes, extent, nature, and scientific explanations of delinquency in the United States. It concludes with chapters on the traditional concepts and the contemporary revolution of the juvenile justice system.
Empey, L.T., and S. Lubeck. 1971. The Silverlake Experiment: Testing Delinquency Theory and Community Intervention. Chicago, Ill.: Aldine Publishing Company. NCJ 002850.
This book presents a comparison of community alternatives for juvenile delinquents and the traditional institutional approach. Presenting a 4-year field experiment in community-based treatment of seriously disturbed delinquent males, it contends that this treatment form may be an effective option.
Ervin, L., and A. Schneider. 1990. Explaining the effects of restitution on offenders: Results from a national experiment in juvenile courts. In B. Galaway and J. Hudson, eds. Criminal Justice, Restitution, and Reconciliation. Monsey, N.Y.: Willow Tree Press, Inc. NCJ 126476.
This chapter reports on a study to determine if the link between restitution and reduced recidivism can be explained by deterrence theory, self-image theory, or social integration theory; none of the theories was supported by data. Results indicated that both restitution and traditional juvenile programs suppress recidivism, but the impact of restitution is greater than that of traditional dispositions.
Fagan, J. 1991. The Comparative Impacts of Juvenile and Criminal Court Sanctions on Adolescent Felony Offenders. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 134377.
This work compares the severity, certainty, and celerity of sanctions for 15- and 16-year-old adolescents charged with violent felony offenses in New Jersey's juvenile court with identical offenders in matched New York State communities whose cases were adjudicated in criminal court.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1994. Crime in the United States, 1993: Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 151712.
See introduction for annotation.
Forst, M., J. Fagan, and T.S. Vivona. 1989. Youth in prisons and training schools: Perceptions and consequences of the treatment-custody dichotomy. Juvenile and Family Court Journal 40(1):1-14. NCJ 116269.
Based on interviews with 59 chronic juvenile offenders placed in State training schools and 81 comparable youth sentenced to adult correctional facilities, this article presents a comparison of offenders' perceptions of their correctional experiences.
Fuller, J.R., and W.M. Norton. 1993. Juvenile diversion: The impact of program philosophy on net widening. Journal of Crime and Justice 16(1):29-45. NCJ 143138.
This article presents theoretical and empirical findings indicating that juvenile diversion programs based on a crime control philosophy (retribution or deterrence) are less likely than treatment-based diversion programs to engage in net widening.
Galaway, B., and J. Hudson, eds. Criminal Justice, Restitution, and Reconciliation. 1990. Monsey, N.Y.: Willow Tree Press, Inc. NCJ 126460.
Eighteen papers discuss perspectives on and applications of restitution and victim offender reconciliation and evaluate restitution and reconciliation programs.
Gemignani, R.J. 1994 (October). Juvenile Correctional Education: A Time for Change. OJJDP Update on Research. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 151264.
This update recommends that teachers in correctional institutions incorporate innovative teaching methods to stimulate incarcerated juveniles to learn, and it includes examples of effective educational practices.
Greenwood, P.W., and S. Turner. 1993 (June). Private presentence reports for serious juvenile offenders: Implementation issues and impacts. Justice Quarterly 10(2):229-243. NCJ 145138.
This article assesses the efforts of the National Center on Institutions and Alternatives to develop client-specific plans, such as alternative sentencing recommendations for serious juvenile offenders. Data are presented on the Los Angeles Probation Department's recommendations for placing juveniles in California Youth Authority institutions.
Guide to Juvenile Restitution. 1985. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 098466.
This guide presents recommendations for expanding and improving juvenile restitution programs. It discusses basic program decisions, models, implementation, management information systems, evaluation, and resources.
Habitual Juvenile Offenders: Guidelines for Citizen Action and Public Responses. 1991. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 141235.
This guide provides community information on obtaining public policy, legislative, and political responses to the problem of habitual juvenile offenders. It includes a sample interagency agreement and sample legislation.
Hawkins, J.D., and R.F. Catalano, Jr. 1992. Communities That Care: Action for Drug Abuse Prevention. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass, Inc. NCJ 142704.
This book presents a community mobilization strategy based on the social development model of risk-focused prevention that has been implemented in several communities to combat juvenile delinquency, substance abuse, and violence. Beginning with leader training sessions, each community conducts an assessment of local risk and resiliency factors for youth development and develops appropriate strategies.
Hodges, J., N. Giuliotti, and F.M. Porpotage II. 1994 (October). Improving Literacy Skills of Juvenile Detainees. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 150707.
This bulletin describes programs to teach illiterate youth to read and write using a nontraditional, motivational approach that gives them immediate positive feedback and encourages success. The programs focus on phonics and logically sequenced, multi-sensory lessons.
Howell, J.C., ed. 1995 (May). Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 153681.
See introduction for annotation.
Interdepartmental Working Group on Violence. 1994. Violence: Report to the President and Domestic Policy Council. Washington, D.C. NCJ 159325.
This report was prepared by a working group comprising representatives from the U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Education, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Justice, and Labor and the Office of National Drug Control Policy. The group divided into 10 subgroups to address the following violence-related topics: firearms, media, juvenile crime and violence, schools, youth development, family violence, hate violence, ethnic conflict, gangs, and sexual assault. A further subgroup focused on places where violent acts occur, and another, the Cities Project, worked with State and local officials in Atlanta, Denver, Nebraska, and Washington, D.C., to develop broad-based, coordinated anti-violence initiatives in their communities.
Jones, M.A., and D. Steinhart. 1994 (August). Assessing the Need for Secure Detention: A Planning Approach. San Francisco, Calif.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.NCJ 150738.
This work discusses the National Council on Crime and Delinquency's six-phase strategic planning process to help jurisdictions evaluate the need for secure bedspace for juvenile detention and to consider nonsecure alternatives to total confinement.
Kids in Trouble: Coordinating Social and Correctional Service Systems for Youth. 1991. Washington, D.C.: National Governors' Association. NCJ 137269.
This document provides an overview of innovative approaches to programs and suggests a need for a broad array of community-based approaches integrating social and correctional services. It is based on a philosophy of a continuum of services that provides both adequate supervision and effective intervention with juvenile offenders.
Krisberg, B. 1992. Juvenile Justice: Improving the Quality of Care. San Francisco, Calif.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. NCJ 141687.
This document offers a critical examination of the theory and practice of juvenile justice. Current juvenile policies are evaluated in terms of whether juvenile justice interventions respond to the needs of youth, especially their developmental differences and family and community contexts.
Krisberg, B., and J.F. Austin. 1993. Reinventing Juvenile Justice. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications. NCJ 143762.
This book questions the survival of the juvenile court as it currently exists. It explores the social forces that have an impact on children and their families and that may be related to the rise in violent juvenile crime. It discusses the issues of juvenile justice laws and court procedures; influences on probation petition and detention decisions; and influences of gender and race as related to taking youth into custody.
Krisberg, B., J.F. Austin, and P.A. Steele. 1989. Unlocking Juvenile Corrections: Evaluating the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services. Final Report. San Francisco, Calif.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. NCJ 123981.
This report describes the structure of the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services (DYS) and traces the outcomes for 819 youth placed under DYS jurisdiction in the 1980's to determine recidivism and costs of various DYS programs.
Krisberg, B., A. Bakke, D. Neuenfeldt, and P. Steele. 1989. Selected Program Summaries: Demonstration of Post-Adjudication Non-Residential Intensive Supervision Programs. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 150337.
This work describes 11 juvenile intensive supervision programs selected for site visits by the National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Visits focused on how each program operated and included interviews with program administrators, line workers, supervisors, and judges.
Krisberg, B., R. DeComo, and N.C. Herrera. 1992. National Juvenile Custody Trends 1978-1989. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 131649.
This work provides a summary and analysis of existing national and State data on juveniles in custody from 1978 to 1989. It is based on information from studies of juveniles in both juvenile facilities and adult jails and prisons.
Krisberg, B., D. Neuenfeldt, R. Wiebush, and O. Rodriguez. 1994. Juvenile Intensive Supervision: An Assessment. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 150064.
This assessment report presents an analysis of the literature on juvenile intensive supervision programs (ISP's) and describes the organization and operation of several programs. It also makes recommendations for the development of a national ISP replication model.
Krisberg, B., D. Neuenfeldt, R. Wiebush, and O. Rodriguez. 1994 (October). Juvenile Intensive Supervision: Planning Guide. Program Summary. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 150065.
This summary describes juvenile intensive supervision programs (ISP's), a promising intermediate sanction for first-time serious or violent juvenile offenders who are inappropriate for or fail to respond successfully to immediate intervention; how ISP's also serve as an alternative to secure incarceration for appropriate juvenile offenders; and how ISP interventions address the major causal factors identified in the integrated social control model, which integrates the central components of control, strain, and social learning theories.
Krisberg, B., et al. 1991 (September). Juveniles Taken Into Custody: Fiscal Year 1990 Report. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 130758.
This report provides a summary and analysis of existing national and State statistics that focus on juveniles taken into custody and is based on information from studies of juveniles in both juvenile facilities and adult jails and prisons.
Law-Related Education for Juvenile Justice Settings. 1993. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 147063.
This document assists juvenile justice practitioners in the implementation of law-related education (LRE) programs and includes information on the benefits of LRE programs their use as prevention and intervention tools, and how to design and implement an LRE curriculum and program.
Lipsey, M.W. 1992. Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the variability of effects. In T.D. Cook et al., eds. Meta-Analysis for Explanation: A Casebook. New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation. NCJ 150406.
This work presents an overview of a large meta-analytic survey of the delinquency treatment research conducted during the past four decades. It identifies major sources of the variability effects.
Maloney D., D. Romig, and T.L. Armstrong. 1988 (September). Juvenile probation: The balanced approach. Juvenile and Family Court Journal 39(3):1-63. NCJ 112228.
This article presents the principles, methods, and benefits of the balanced approach to juvenile probation and uses examples from several jurisdictions to show how this approach works in practice.
McNally, R.B. 1981. Nearly a century later -- The child savers -- Child advocates and the juvenile justice system (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Services, Philadelphia, Pa., March 11-14, 1981). NCJ 080064.
This paper compares the historical development of the juvenile justice reform movement in the late 19th century with the activities of contemporary child advocates. The study finds many similarities between the groups, particularly their reliance on government intervention to solve social problems.
Messmer, H. 1990. Reducing the conflict: An analysis of victim-offender mediation as an interactive process. In B. Galaway and J. Hudson, eds. Criminal Justice, Restitution, and Reconciliation. Monsey, N.Y.: Willow Tree Press, Inc.NCJ 126466.
This is a case study of the interactive process used in Bielefeld, West Germany, in which three juveniles, led by a social worker, accepted responsibility for a violent attack.
Moone, J. 1993 (April). Children in Custody 1991: Private Facilities. Fact Sheet. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ FS009302.
This fact sheet presents statistics related to facilities, race, gender, reason for custody, and age from the 1991 Children in Custody Census and the 1991 OJJDP survey.
Murray, C., and L. Cox. 1979. Beyond Probation: Juvenile Corrections and the Chronic Delinquent. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications. NCJ 063396.
The authors of this book draw on an evaluation of an experimental program in Chicago to argue that jailing chronic juvenile offenders can reduce their incidence of postrelease crime.
National Center for Juvenile Justice. Desktop Guide to Good Juvenile Probation Practice. 1991 (March). Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 128218.
This reference manual describes the role of probation in the juvenile justice system and instructs probation officers in job-related skills and practices. It serves as a reference and resource document for practitioners from intake through supervision.
Palmer, T.B. 1971 (January). California's community treatment program for delinquent adolescents. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency 8(1):74-92. NCJ 006165.
This study suggests that institutionalization of delinquent adolescents has little, if any, effect on their parole performance.
Parent, D., et al. 1994 (August). Conditions of Confinement: Juvenile Detention and Corrections Facilities: Research Report. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 145793.
This work reports on conditions of confinement for juveniles throughout the United States and the extent to which those conditions conform to recognized national professional standards, and it provides recommendations for improvement. The findings followed a study of all juvenile detention centers; reception centers; training schools; and ranches, camps, and farms.
Pierce, R. 1989. Juvenile Justice Reform: State Experiences. Criminal Justice Paper #4. Denver, Colo.: National Conference of State Legislatures. NCJ 119948.
This report examines juvenile justice system challenges facing States, alternatives to large institutions, experiences in several States that have embraced deinstitutionalization, and formal evaluations of reform effectiveness.
Pope, C.E., and W. Feyerherm. 1993. Minorities and the Juvenile Justice System. Research Summary. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 145849.
This document summarizes the findings of OJJDP's study of the disproportionate representation of minorities in the juvenile justice system and offers recommendations for future research.
Pope, C.E., and W. Feyerherm. 1992. Minorities and the Juvenile Justice System. Full Report. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 139556.
This report discusses the role that minority status plays in the processing of offenders through the juvenile justice system. It examines trends in minority juvenile crime and case processing, reviews research literature, analyzes data from two States to determine the extent of disparate treatment, and offers policy and program recommendations.
Pratt, G. 1994 (December). Community-based comprehensive wrap-around treatment strategies (paper presented at the Arizona Supreme Court Juvenile Justice Research Symposium, Phoenix, Ariz.).
The author discusses violence and mental illness and concludes that successful, long-term juvenile rehabilitation and correction requires that juveniles have good mental health. He recommends psychopharmacological therapies and strategies for juveniles who need mental health treatment for some disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity, bi-polar disorder, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
Reilly, P.P. 1978 (December). What makes adolescent girls flee from their homes? Clinical Pediatrics 17(12):886-893. NCJ 070260.
Case studies and analysis show how individual psychotherapy and full family involvement can effectively contribute toward helping runaway, troubled, and delinquent girls.
Restitution Experience in Youth Employment: A Monograph and Training Guide to Jobs Components. 1989. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 115404.
This monograph presents a model curriculum for the development of employment programs within juvenile restitution programs.
Rivers, J., and T. Trotti. 1989. South Carolina Delinquent Males: A Follow-Up Into Adult Corrections. Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Department of Youth Services. NCJ 122764.
This study of 39,250 males, born between 1964 and 1971 and having official delinquency records in South Carolina, reviews recidivism in inmates and adult probationers.
Roscoe, M., and R. Morton. 1994 (April). Disproportionate Minority Confinement. Fact Sheet #11. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ FS009411.
This fact sheet discusses the disproportionate representation of minorities in secure juvenile facilities and reviews pilot sites collecting data on the problem, laws and measures to reduce the problem, and technical assistance available to States and communities.
Roy, S. 1990. Offender-oriented restitution bills: Bringing total justice for victims? Federal Probation 54(3):30-36. NCJ 126411.
This article assesses whether total justice is attainable for victims through juvenile restitutive sentencing in Michigan bills 4240 and 4558.
Schillo, B.A., and W.S. Davidson II. 1994 (Spring). Alternatives to secure detention for juvenile offenders: The case of diversion. Journal for Juvenile Justice and Detention Services 9(1):7-16. NCJ 152100.
This article examines the use of diversionary practices, such as behavioral contracting and child advocacy, because many research studies show traditional juvenile treatment programs are largely ineffective in reducing juvenile recidivism.
Schlossman, S.L. 1977. Love and the American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of "Progressive" Juvenile Justice, 1885-1920. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. NCJ 044008.
The author examines the origins and meaning of correctional reform movements in the United States from the perspective of legal, intellectual, and social history.
Schwartz, I.M., ed. 1992. Juvenile Justice and Public Policy: Toward a National Agenda. New York: Macmillan. NCJ 138726.
In this book, U.S. juvenile justice scholars discuss critical issues facing juvenile justice in the 1990's, including the future of the juvenile court; juvenile gangs; prosecutors in the juvenile justice system; juvenile diversion; interagency services; the incarceration of juveniles; and issues of gender, race, and ethnicity.
Sheldon, R.J., and S. Tracey. 1992. Violent female juvenile offender: An ignored minority within the juvenile justice system. Juvenile and Family Court Journal. 43(3):33-40. NCJ 140054.
A sample of 348 adolescent girls referred to the Clark County, NV, Juvenile Court Services in 1985 and 1988 for violent crimes was compared to a group of adolescent boys charged with similar violent offenses.
Snyder, H. 1994 (May). Juvenile Violent Crime Arrest Rates 1972-1992. Fact Sheet #14. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ FS009414.
The FBI's Violent Crime Index combines four offenses -- murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault -- to provide a barometer of violence in the United States. This fact sheet reports that juvenile violent crime remained relatively constant from the early 1970's until the late 1980's when the number of juveniles charged with a violent offense increased.
Snyder, H., and M. Sickmund. 1995 (August). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National Report. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 153569.
See introduction for annotation.
Study of Tribal and Alaska Native Juvenile Justice Systems. 1992 (Summer). Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 148217.
This report presents an overview of American Indian and Alaska Native juvenile justice systems, including a historical overview, analysis of offenses, and promising approaches.
Thomas, C.W., and S. Bilchik. 1985. Prosecuting juveniles in criminal courts: A legal and empirical analysis. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 76(2):439-479.NCJ 101701.
This article provides an historical overview of the development of the juvenile court system, discussion of judicial decisions that expanded the due process rights of juveniles, and analysis of significant features of Florida's juvenile law, using empirical data from the Dade County State Attorney's Office. It concludes with a discussion of the implications for the future of juvenile law in Florida and other jurisdictions that enact similar legislation.
Thornberry, T.P., D. Huizinga, and R. Loeber. 1995. The prevention of serious delinquency and violence: Implications from the program of research on the causes and correlates of delinquency. In J.C. Howell et al., eds. Sourcebook on Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. NCJ 157405.
This chapter describes the activities of the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency, as developed by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. It summarizes key findings about the development of serious delinquency and violence and explores policy implications related to these findings.
Tolan, P., and N. Guerra. 1994 (July). What Works in Reducing Adolescent Violence: An Empirical Review of the Field. Boulder, Colo.: The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado. NCJ 152910.
This article examines anti-violence programs and epidemiological considerations associated with adolescent violence. The study includes a review of risk literature that highlights promising targets for intervention and presents outcomes of evaluation efforts based on risk factors and strategies. It concludes with recommendations for research, as well as program and policy actions to improve the effectiveness of anti-violence interventions and to affect significantly the problem of juvenile violence.
Vaughn, J.B. 1991. Use of electronic monitoring with juvenile intensive supervision programs. In T.L. Armstrong, ed. Intensive Interventions With High-Risk Youths. Monsey, N.Y.: Willow Tree Press, Inc. NCJ 129825.
This chapter describes electronic monitoring technology and its use with adult offenders. It presents results from a survey of nine juvenile intensive supervision programs that use the technology.
Victim-Offender Mediation in the Juvenile Justice System. 1990. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 120976.
This report summarizes survey findings that show how mediation is used in the juvenile justice system. It describes programs, examines their effectiveness, and compares mediation with other approaches.
What Works: Promising Interventions in Juvenile Justice. 1994 (October). Program Report. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 150858.
This catalog lists 425 effective juvenile delinquency prevention, intervention, and treatment programs across the country. Each entry includes the name of the program, contact person, address, target population, program type, structure, staff, budget, evaluation, and a program summary.
White, J.L., et al. 1985. Comparative Dispositions Study: Handling Dangerous Juveniles. Executive Summary. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 100295.
This report examines the case dispositions of juveniles and young adults charged with serious and dangerous offenses in juvenile and adult courts. It includes a literature review, a State-by-State analysis of statutes, and interviews and statistical research in nine cities.
Wiebush, R.G. 1993 (January). Juvenile intensive supervision: The impact on felony offenders diverted from institutional placement. Crime and Delinquency Special Issue 39(1):68-89. NCJ 140440.
This article examines the 18-month recidivism of Lucas County, OH, juvenile felony offenders who were placed in an intensive supervision program in lieu of commitment to an institution.
Wilson, J.J., and J.C. Howell. 1993. Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Program Summary. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. NCJ 143453.
See introduction for annotation.
Contents | Foreword | Acknowledgments | Introduction | Summary
Figures | Objectives | Conclusion | Appendixes