Rule

Sources

Butts, J., Snyder, H., Finnegan, T., Aughenbaugh, A., and Poole, R. (1996). Juvenile court statistics 1994.

Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. (1997). Annual demographic statistics, 1995. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada.

Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. (1997). Unpublished counts of 1995 arrests. Ottawa, Canada: Statistics Canada.

Centers for Disease Control. (1997). Rates of homicide, suicide, and firearm-related death among children -- 26 industrialized countries. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1990). Weapon-carrying among high school students -- United States, 1990. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 40(40), 681-684. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Decker, S., Pennell, S., and Caldwell, A. (1997). Illegal firearms: Access and use by arrestees. NIJ Research in Brief. Washington, DC: National Institute for Justice.

Eddings v. Oklahoma. 455 US 104 (1982).

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1996). Crime in the United States 1995. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States series for the years 1975-1994. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1997). Supplementary homicide reports 1980-1995 [machine-readable data files]. Washington, DC: FBI.

Gilliard, D. and Beck, A. (1997). Prison and jail inmates at midyear, 1996. BJS Bulletin. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Greenfeld, L. (1996). Child victimizers: Violent offenders and their victims. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics/Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Hashima, P. and Finkelhor, D. (1997). Violent victimization of youth versus adults in the National Crime Victimization Survey. Paper accepted for presentation at the Fifth International Family Violence Research Conference, Durham, NH.

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, University of Michigan. (1997). Uniform Crime Reporting Program data [United States]: County-level detailed arrest and offense data for 1995 [machine-readable data file]. Washington, DC: FBI [producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR [distributor].

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (1974) as amended by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Amendments of 1992.

Kann, L., Warren, C., Harris, W., Collins, J., Williams, B., Ross, J., and Kolbe, L. (1996). Youth risk behavior surveillance -- United States, 1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 45(SS-4), 1-63. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

National Center for Health Statistics. (1997). Death rates for selected causes, by 5-year age groups [unpublished data]. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics.

National Center for Health Statistics. (1997). 1979-1994 data from the compressed mortality file [unpublished data]. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics.

National Center for Juvenile Justice. (1996). National Juvenile Court Data Archive: Juvenile court case records 1975-1994 [machine-readable data file]. Pittsburgh, PA: NCJJ [producer].

National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1996). Child abuse and neglect case-level data 1993: Working paper 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1996). Child maltreatment 1994: Reports from the States to the National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1996). The third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. (1993). National child abuse and neglect data system: Working paper 2, 1991 summary data component. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

National Institute of Justice. (1996). 1995 Drug use forecasting, annual report on adult and juvenile arrestees. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (1996). Children in Custody Census of public and private juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities 1994/95 [machine-readable data files]. Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census [producer].

Rand, M. (1997). 1973-1995 National Crime Victimization Survey data [website data files]. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Snell, T. (1996). Capital punishment 1995. BJS Bulletin. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Snyder, H. (1997). Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: An assessment of the extent of and trends in officially-recognized serious criminal behavior in a delinquent population. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice.

Snyder, H. and Sickmund, M. (1995). Juvenile offenders and victims: A national report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Stanford v. Kentucky. 492 US 361 (1988).

Streib, V. (1996). Present death row inmates under juvenile sentences and executions for juvenile crimes, January 1, 1973 to June 30, 1996. Juvenile Death Penalty Today. Cleveland, OH: Streib.

Thompson v. Oklahoma. 487 US 815 (1988).

Torbet, P., Gable, R., Hurst, H. IV, Montgomery, I., Szymanski, L., and Thomas, D. (1996). State responses to serious and violent juvenile crime. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Szymanski, L., Sickmund, M., Torbet, P., and Zink, H. (1997). Prosecuting juveniles as criminals. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997). Estimates of the population of counties by age, sex and race/Hispanic origin: 1990-1994 [machine-readable data file]. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997). Resident population of the U.S. and states, by single year of age and sex: July 1, 1995 [machine-readable data file]. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997). Resident population of the U.S. by single year of age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1975-1995 [machine-readable data file]. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Formula Grants, Final Rule, 61 Federal Register 65132 Number 238 (1996) (to be codified in 28 CFR Part 31).

Wiebe, D. (1997). Hourly juvenile and adult arrest incidents in 1994 and 1995. Irvine, CA: University of California.

Technical Note

While juvenile arrest rates reflect juvenile behavior, many other factors can affect the size of these rates.

Arrest rates are calculated by dividing the number of youth arrests made in the year by the number of youth living in the jurisdiction. Therefore, jurisdictions that arrest a relatively large number of nonresident juveniles would have a higher arrest rate than a jurisdiction whose resident youth behave in an identical manner.

Jurisdictions, especially small jurisdictions, that are vacation destinations or that are centers for economic activity in a region may have arrest rates that reflect more than the behavior of their resident youth.

Other factors that influence the magnitude of arrest rates in a given area include the attitudes of its citizens toward crime, the policies of the jurisdiction's law enforcement agencies, and the policies of other components of the justice system. Consequently, the comparison of juvenile arrest rates across jurisdictions, while informative, should be done with caution.

In most areas not all law enforcement agencies report their arrest data to the FBI. Rates for these areas are then necessarily based on partial information. Reported rates for jurisdictions with less than complete reporting may not be accurate.

Previous Contents

Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1997 Update on Violence