Prenatal/Infancy |
Toddler/Preschool |
Middle Childhood/
Early Adolescence |
Mid-Adolescence/
Early Adulthood |
|
Risk Factors Emerging During Pregnancy and From Infancy Onward
Child |
Difficult temperament
Hyperactivity/impulsivity/attention problems
Low intelligence
Male gender
Neurotoxin/neurological insult
Pregnancy and delivery complications |
Family |
Young mother
Maternal depression
Parental substance abuse/antisocial or criminal behavior
Poor parent-child communication
Poverty/low socioeconomic status
Serious marital discord |
|
|
|
|
Risk Factors Emerging From the Toddler Years Onward
Child |
Aggressive/disruptive behavior Lying
Risk taking and sensation seeking
Lack of guilt, lack of empathy |
Family |
Harsh and erratic discipline practices
Maltreatment or neglect |
Community |
Television violence |
|
|
|
|
Risk Factors Emerging From Mid-Childhood Onward
Child |
Stealing and general delinquency
Depression
Precocious behavior: sex and substance use
Positive attitude toward problem behavior
Victimization and exposure to violence |
Family |
Poor parental supervision |
School |
Poor academic achievement
|
Truancy |
Negative attitude toward school
|
Peer |
Delinquent peers/siblings
Peer rejection |
Community |
Residence in a poor neighborhood | |
|
|
Risk Factors Emerging From Mid-Adolescence Onward
Child |
Gun ownership
Drug dealing
Unemployment |
Family |
School dropout |
Peer |
Gang membership |
|